Journal: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Article Title: Advances in closed-loop deep brain stimulation devices

doi: 10.1186/s12984-017-0295-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overview of open-loop DBS ( a ) versus closed-loop DBS ( b ). In open-loop DBS, a neurologist manually adjusts the stimulation parameters every 3–12 months after DBS implantation. On the other hand, in closed-loop DBS, programming of the stimulation parameters is performed automatically based on the measured biomarker. c Demonstration of two different brain states and the action of open-loop and closed-loop DBS. When the brain enters a specific state, it remains in that state for a short or long time. Closed-loop DBS gets deactivated when the brain enters the normal state. Open-loop DBS continues the stimulation regardless of the brain state

Article Snippet: The study of the relevant literature shows that there is currently only one commercially available brain stimulation system that provides closed-loop DBS (The closed-loop RNS system by NeuroPace for closed-loop cortical stimulation).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Article Title: Advances in closed-loop deep brain stimulation devices

doi: 10.1186/s12984-017-0295-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of several potential biomarkers for the closed-loop DBS

Article Snippet: The study of the relevant literature shows that there is currently only one commercially available brain stimulation system that provides closed-loop DBS (The closed-loop RNS system by NeuroPace for closed-loop cortical stimulation).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Article Title: Advances in closed-loop deep brain stimulation devices

doi: 10.1186/s12984-017-0295-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: The process of real-time closed-loop DBS programming. The recording unit records the biomarker signal via an inserted electrode inside (I) or outside (II) of the brain based on the biomarker type. After signal conditioning (amplification and filtration), the biomarker signal is digitized and then sent to the controller unit. Then, through a computational model (A), the biomarker signal is evaluated from different aspects (e.g. amplitude, frequency, and pulse-width, etc.) to define the response signal, which is then employed to predict optimized stimulation parameters. The bottom model (B) has been adopted from and then modified. It represents the structure of controller where X (t) , Y (t) , and Z (t) are the input vector, neural circuit states, and biomarker response, respectively. The mapping functions from input to the neural state and from neural state to the biomarker response are demonstrated by f (X,t) and g (X,Y,t) , respectively. The k (Z,t) is the controller that evaluates the biomarker response and updates stimulation parameters. The estimated parameters are adjusted in the stimulation unit to create the stimulation pulses for applying to the stimulation electrodes. In this real-time process, a very short time-window of the recorded signal is used for prediction of the stimulation parameters. The time-window of biomarker signal is pushed forward continuously and simultaneous computations are done to predict and update the next stimulation-window

Article Snippet: The study of the relevant literature shows that there is currently only one commercially available brain stimulation system that provides closed-loop DBS (The closed-loop RNS system by NeuroPace for closed-loop cortical stimulation).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Amplification, Filtration, Modification, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Article Title: Advances in closed-loop deep brain stimulation devices

doi: 10.1186/s12984-017-0295-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Categorization of different stimulation patterns. For additional details regarding the pros and cons of each waveform refer to [ , ]

Article Snippet: The study of the relevant literature shows that there is currently only one commercially available brain stimulation system that provides closed-loop DBS (The closed-loop RNS system by NeuroPace for closed-loop cortical stimulation).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Article Title: Advances in closed-loop deep brain stimulation devices

doi: 10.1186/s12984-017-0295-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: A comparison of the features of the existing closed-loop DBS devices

Article Snippet: The study of the relevant literature shows that there is currently only one commercially available brain stimulation system that provides closed-loop DBS (The closed-loop RNS system by NeuroPace for closed-loop cortical stimulation).

Techniques: Comparison, Biomarker Discovery, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Sampling, Battery, Transmission Assay

Journal: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Article Title: Advances in closed-loop deep brain stimulation devices

doi: 10.1186/s12984-017-0295-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Closed-loop DBS research challenges. These challenges are classifiable in three major parts including monitoring issues ( blue part ), stimulation challenges ( yellow part ), and design expectation concerns ( red part )

Article Snippet: The study of the relevant literature shows that there is currently only one commercially available brain stimulation system that provides closed-loop DBS (The closed-loop RNS system by NeuroPace for closed-loop cortical stimulation).

Techniques:

Journal: Expert review of medical devices

Article Title: Systematic review on gastric electrical stimulation in obesity treatment

doi: 10.1080/17434440.2019.1673728

Figure Lengend Snippet: Search outcomes

Article Snippet: The third GES device used for treating obesity was called Closed-Loop Gastric Electrical Stimulation System (abiliti® system) that delivered electrical stimulation upon food intake.

Techniques: